SentenceTransformer based on intfloat/multilingual-e5-small

This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from intfloat/multilingual-e5-small. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 384-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for retrieval.

Model Details

Model Description

• Model Type: Sentence Transformer
• Base model: intfloat/multilingual-e5-small
• Maximum Sequence Length: 128 tokens
• Output Dimensionality: 384 dimensions
• Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity
• Supported Modality: Text

Model Sources

• Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
• Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
• Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'transformer_task': 'feature-extraction', 'modality_config': {'text': {'method': 'forward', 'method_output_name': 'last_hidden_state'}}, 'module_output_name': 'token_embeddings', 'architecture': 'BertModel'})
  (1): Pooling({'embedding_dimension': 384, 'pooling_mode': 'mean', 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize({})
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("AniruddhaAI/sanskrit-e5-small-retrieval")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'query: He will certainly accomplish that which is pleasing to you. Surrounding by his brave sons all of whom possess arms like maces. O Brahmana, give me leave to depart, for I have now abandoned all weapons."',
    'passage: प्रियं च ते सर्वमेतत् करिष्यति न संशयः॥ पुत्रैः परिवृतः सर्वैः शूरैः परिघबाहुभिः। विसर्जयस्व मां ब्रह्मन् न्यस्तशस्त्रोऽस्मि साम्प्रतम्॥',
    'passage: Fearing death in seasons of distress, the Vishvedevas, the Saddhyas, the Brahmanas, and great Rishis, do not hesitate to follow the alternative provisions laid down in the scriptures.',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 384]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities)
# tensor([[ 1.0000,  0.7581, -0.0554],
#         [ 0.7581,  1.0000,  0.0291],
#         [-0.0554,  0.0291,  1.0000]])

Training Details

Training Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

• Size: 168,783 training samples
• Columns: sentence_0 and sentence_1
• Approximate statistics based on the first 100 samples:

  	sentence_0	sentence_1
  type	string	string
  modality	text	text
  details	min: 30 tokensmean: 49.76 tokensmax: 128 tokens	min: 28 tokensmean: 47.38 tokensmax: 128 tokens

• Samples:

  sentence_0	sentence_1
  query: Steeds, of the huge of donkeys, with backs of the hue of mice and with necks proudly drawn up, bore Vyaghradatta.	passage: रासभारुणवर्णाभाः पृष्ठतो मूषिकप्रभाः। वल्गन्त इव संयत्ता व्याघ्रदत्तमुदावहन्॥
  query: क्रौञ्चं तु गिरिमासाद्य बिलं तस्य सुदुर्गमम् । अप्रमत्तैः प्रवेष्टव्यं दुष्प्रवेशं हि तत् स्मृतम्॥	passage: And coming to the Kruncha mountain, you should, having your wits about you, enter its inaccessible cavern; for that is well known as difficult of entrance.
  query: Hearing these words of the vulture, the grief of the kinsmen seemed to decrease, and placing the child on the naked earth they were about to go away.	passage: ततो गृध्रवचः श्रुत्वा प्राक्रोशन्तस्तदा नृप। बान्धवास्तेऽभ्यगच्छन्त पुत्रमुत्सृज्य भूतले॥

• Loss: MultipleNegativesRankingLoss with these parameters:

  {
      "scale": 20.0,
      "similarity_fct": "cos_sim",
      "gather_across_devices": false,
      "directions": [
          "query_to_doc"
      ],
      "partition_mode": "joint",
      "hardness_mode": null,
      "hardness_strength": 0.0
  }
  

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

• per_device_train_batch_size: 64
• num_train_epochs: 1
• fp16: True
• per_device_eval_batch_size: 64
• multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin

All Hyperparameters

• per_device_train_batch_size: 64
• num_train_epochs: 1
• max_steps: -1
• learning_rate: 5e-05
• lr_scheduler_type: linear
• lr_scheduler_kwargs: None
• warmup_steps: 0
• optim: adamw_torch_fused
• optim_args: None
• weight_decay: 0.0
• adam_beta1: 0.9
• adam_beta2: 0.999
• adam_epsilon: 1e-08
• optim_target_modules: None
• gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
• average_tokens_across_devices: True
• max_grad_norm: 1
• label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
• bf16: False
• fp16: True
• bf16_full_eval: False
• fp16_full_eval: False
• tf32: None
• gradient_checkpointing: False
• gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
• torch_compile: False
• torch_compile_backend: None
• torch_compile_mode: None
• use_liger_kernel: False
• liger_kernel_config: None
• use_cache: False
• neftune_noise_alpha: None
• torch_empty_cache_steps: None
• auto_find_batch_size: False
• log_on_each_node: True
• logging_nan_inf_filter: True
• include_num_input_tokens_seen: no
• log_level: passive
• log_level_replica: warning
• disable_tqdm: False
• project: huggingface
• trackio_space_id: None
• trackio_bucket_id: None
• trackio_static_space_id: None
• per_device_eval_batch_size: 64
• prediction_loss_only: True
• eval_on_start: False
• eval_do_concat_batches: True
• eval_use_gather_object: False
• eval_accumulation_steps: None
• include_for_metrics: []
• batch_eval_metrics: False
• save_only_model: False
• save_on_each_node: False
• enable_jit_checkpoint: False
• push_to_hub: False
• hub_private_repo: None
• hub_model_id: None
• hub_strategy: every_save
• hub_always_push: False
• hub_revision: None
• load_best_model_at_end: False
• ignore_data_skip: False
• restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
• full_determinism: False
• seed: 42
• data_seed: None
• use_cpu: False
• accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
• parallelism_config: None
• dataloader_drop_last: False
• dataloader_num_workers: 0
• dataloader_pin_memory: True
• dataloader_persistent_workers: False
• dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
• remove_unused_columns: True
• label_names: None
• train_sampling_strategy: random
• length_column_name: length
• ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
• ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
• ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
• ddp_static_graph: None
• ddp_backend: None
• ddp_timeout: 1800
• fsdp: None
• fsdp_config: None
• deepspeed: None
• debug: []
• skip_memory_metrics: True
• do_predict: False
• resume_from_checkpoint: None
• warmup_ratio: None
• local_rank: -1
• prompts: None
• batch_sampler: batch_sampler
• multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin
• router_mapping: {}
• learning_rate_mapping: {}

Training Logs

Training Time

• Training: 14.7 minutes

Framework Versions

• Python: 3.12.13
• Sentence Transformers: 5.6.0
• Transformers: 5.12.1
• PyTorch: 2.11.0+cu128
• Accelerate: 1.14.0
• Datasets: 4.0.0
• Tokenizers: 0.22.2

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

MultipleNegativesRankingLoss

@misc{oord2019representationlearningcontrastivepredictive,
      title={Representation Learning with Contrastive Predictive Coding},
      author={Aaron van den Oord and Yazhe Li and Oriol Vinyals},
      year={2019},
      eprint={1807.03748},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.LG},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.03748},
}