SentenceTransformer based on klue/roberta-base

This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from klue/roberta-base on the klue dataset. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

• Model Type: Sentence Transformer
• Base model: klue/roberta-base
• Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
• Output Dimensionality: 768 dimensions
• Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity
• Training Dataset:
  • klue
• Language: ko

Model Sources

• Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
• Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
• Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: RobertaModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("sentence_transformers_model_id")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    '보일러로 난방하는 방법 좀 알려줘',
    '보일러 켜는 방법 좀 설명해줘',
    '당신이 좋아하는 뉴스 채널이 뭐였더라?',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 768]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]

Evaluation

Metrics

Semantic Similarity

• Datasets: sts-test and sts-eval
• Evaluated with EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator

Training Details

Training Dataset

klue

• Dataset: klue at 349481e
• Size: 10,501 training samples
• Columns: sentence1, sentence2, and label
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	sentence1	sentence2	label
  type	string	string	float
  details	min: 6 tokensmean: 20.29 tokensmax: 58 tokens	min: 7 tokensmean: 19.81 tokensmax: 55 tokens	min: 0.0mean: 0.45max: 1.0

• Samples:

  sentence1	sentence2	label
  시설은 좋으나 잠자리 민감하신 분들은 다른 곳으로 가세요	시설도 좋지만, 잠자리라면 다른 곳으로 가보세요.	0.6799999999999999
  유럽 에어비엔비 숙소 중에서 제일 잘 터졌습니다!	유럽에서 가장 좋은 호텔이에요!	0.38
  고모가 원하는게 볼륨 이단계야 삼단계야?	에어컨 사용료로 이번 달 얼마 정도 내야하나요?	0.0

• Loss: CosineSimilarityLoss with these parameters:

  {
      "loss_fct": "torch.nn.modules.loss.MSELoss"
  }
  

Evaluation Dataset

klue

• Dataset: klue at 349481e
• Size: 1,167 evaluation samples
• Columns: sentence1, sentence2, and label
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	sentence1	sentence2	label
  type	string	string	float
  details	min: 6 tokensmean: 19.99 tokensmax: 62 tokens	min: 7 tokensmean: 19.26 tokensmax: 64 tokens	min: 0.0mean: 0.45max: 1.0

• Samples:

  sentence1	sentence2	label
  4인은 멀티탭을 1개 준비하시면 편할것입니다.	멀티탭 1개를 준비하시면 4명이 편리하게 이용하실 수 있습니다.	0.6799999999999999
  청결도, 화장실청소상태,방분위기 모두 훌륭했습니다.	체크인, 청소 및 고객서비스는 모두 훌륭했습니다.	0.26
  심지어 사진보다 조금 넓었던 것 같다.	그것은 심지어 사진보다 조금 더 넓었습니다.	0.8

• Loss: CosineSimilarityLoss with these parameters:

  {
      "loss_fct": "torch.nn.modules.loss.MSELoss"
  }
  

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

• eval_strategy: steps
• per_device_train_batch_size: 16
• per_device_eval_batch_size: 16
• num_train_epochs: 4
• warmup_steps: 100
• remove_unused_columns: False

All Hyperparameters

• overwrite_output_dir: False
• do_predict: False
• eval_strategy: steps
• prediction_loss_only: True
• per_device_train_batch_size: 16
• per_device_eval_batch_size: 16
• per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
• per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
• gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
• eval_accumulation_steps: None
• torch_empty_cache_steps: None
• learning_rate: 5e-05
• weight_decay: 0.0
• adam_beta1: 0.9
• adam_beta2: 0.999
• adam_epsilon: 1e-08
• max_grad_norm: 1.0
• num_train_epochs: 4
• max_steps: -1
• lr_scheduler_type: linear
• lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
• warmup_ratio: 0.0
• warmup_steps: 100
• log_level: passive
• log_level_replica: warning
• log_on_each_node: True
• logging_nan_inf_filter: True
• save_safetensors: True
• save_on_each_node: False
• save_only_model: False
• restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
• no_cuda: False
• use_cpu: False
• use_mps_device: False
• seed: 42
• data_seed: None
• jit_mode_eval: False
• use_ipex: False
• bf16: False
• fp16: False
• fp16_opt_level: O1
• half_precision_backend: auto
• bf16_full_eval: False
• fp16_full_eval: False
• tf32: None
• local_rank: 0
• ddp_backend: None
• tpu_num_cores: None
• tpu_metrics_debug: False
• debug: []
• dataloader_drop_last: False
• dataloader_num_workers: 0
• dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
• past_index: -1
• disable_tqdm: False
• remove_unused_columns: False
• label_names: None
• load_best_model_at_end: False
• ignore_data_skip: False
• fsdp: []
• fsdp_min_num_params: 0
• fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
• tp_size: 0
• fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
• accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
• deepspeed: None
• label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
• optim: adamw_torch
• optim_args: None
• adafactor: False
• group_by_length: False
• length_column_name: length
• ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
• ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
• ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
• dataloader_pin_memory: True
• dataloader_persistent_workers: False
• skip_memory_metrics: True
• use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
• push_to_hub: False
• resume_from_checkpoint: None
• hub_model_id: None
• hub_strategy: every_save
• hub_private_repo: None
• hub_always_push: False
• gradient_checkpointing: False
• gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
• include_inputs_for_metrics: False
• include_for_metrics: []
• eval_do_concat_batches: True
• fp16_backend: auto
• push_to_hub_model_id: None
• push_to_hub_organization: None
• mp_parameters:
• auto_find_batch_size: False
• full_determinism: False
• torchdynamo: None
• ray_scope: last
• ddp_timeout: 1800
• torch_compile: False
• torch_compile_backend: None
• torch_compile_mode: None
• dispatch_batches: None
• split_batches: None
• include_tokens_per_second: False
• include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
• neftune_noise_alpha: None
• optim_target_modules: None
• batch_eval_metrics: False
• eval_on_start: False
• use_liger_kernel: False
• eval_use_gather_object: False
• average_tokens_across_devices: False
• prompts: None
• batch_sampler: batch_sampler
• multi_dataset_batch_sampler: proportional

Training Logs

Environmental Impact

Carbon emissions were measured using CodeCarbon.

• Energy Consumed: 0.013 kWh
• Carbon Emitted: 0.006 kg of CO2
• Hours Used: 0.036 hours

Training Hardware

• On Cloud: No
• GPU Model: 1 x NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4090
• CPU Model: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-14700K
• RAM Size: 62.51 GB

Framework Versions

• Python: 3.11.11
• Sentence Transformers: 4.0.1
• Transformers: 4.50.2
• PyTorch: 2.6.0+cu124
• Accelerate: 0.34.1
• Datasets: 2.19.1
• Tokenizers: 0.21.1

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}