Ouro-1.4B
📚 Paper • 🏠 Project Page
Model Description
⚠️ IMPORTANT: This model is intended for research purposes only. It is provided as-is without warranties for production use.
Ouro-1.4B is a 1.4 billion parameter Looped Language Model (LoopLM) that achieves exceptional parameter efficiency through iterative shared-weight computation.
Key Features
- Exceptional Parameter Efficiency: Matches 3-4B standard transformer performance with only 1.4B parameters
- Iterative Latent Reasoning: Performs reasoning through recurrent computation in latent space
- Adaptive Computation: Supports early exit mechanisms for dynamic compute allocation
Configuration
Recurrent Steps and Adaptive Exit
The model's computational behavior can be configured through the config.json file:
{
"total_ut_steps": 4,
"early_exit_threshold": 1.0
}
total_ut_steps: Controls the number of recurrent steps (default: 4). You can adjust this value to trade off between performance and computation time.early_exit_threshold: Controls the adaptive exit mechanism (default: 1.0). Lower values encourage earlier exit, while 1.0 means always use all steps.
Example: Modify recurrent steps
from transformers import AutoConfig, AutoModelForCausalLM
config = AutoConfig.from_pretrained("ByteDance/Ouro-1.4B")
config.total_ut_steps = 3 # Use 3 recurrent steps instead of 4
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
"ByteDance/Ouro-1.4B",
config=config,
device_map="auto"
)
Note: vLLM does not currently support the adaptive exit feature due to its inference optimization characteristics. When using vLLM, the model will always execute the full number of
total_ut_steps.
Model Architecture
Ouro-1.4B is based on the decoder-only Transformer architecture with parameter sharing across recurrent steps:
| Configuration | Value |
|---|---|
| Parameters | 1.4B |
| Layers | 24 |
| Recurrent Steps | 4 |
| Hidden Size | 2048 |
| Attention Heads | Multi-Head Attention (MHA) |
| FFN Activation | SwiGLU |
| Position Embedding | RoPE |
| Vocabulary Size | 49,152 |
| Context Length | 4K (training), extendable to 64K |
| Normalization | Sandwich RMSNorm |
Training Details
- Training Tokens: 7.7T tokens
- Training Pipeline:
- Stage 1: Pre-training (6T tokens)
- Stage 2: CT Annealing (1.4T tokens)
- Stage 3: Long Context Training (20B tokens)
- Stage 4: Mid-training (300B tokens)
- Data Composition: Web data, code, mathematics, long-context documents
- Optimizer: AdamW (β₁=0.9, β₂=0.95)
- Learning Rate Scheduler: Warmup-Stable-Decay (WSD)
Quick Start
⚠️ IMPORTANT: Please use transformers<4.56.0 to avoid compatibility issues. We recommend transformers==4.54.1 or earlier versions.
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
model_name = "ByteDance/Ouro-1.4B"
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
model_name,
device_map="auto",
torch_dtype="auto"
)
# Generate text
inputs = tokenizer("The future of AI is", return_tensors="pt").to(model.device)
outputs = model.generate(**inputs, max_new_tokens=100)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0], skip_special_tokens=True))
Acknowledgments
We thank @Antizana for the KV cache fix merged from ouro-cache-fix, which resolved a critical compatibility issue with transformers>=4.56.0.
Citation
@article{zhu2025scaling,
title={Scaling Latent Reasoning via Looped Language Models},
author={Zhu, Rui-Jie and Wang, Zixuan and Hua, Kai and Zhang, Tianyu and Li, Ziniu and Que, Haoran and Wei, Boyi and Wen, Zixin and Yin, Fan and Xing, He and others},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.25741},
year={2025}
}
## License
This model is licensed under Apache-2.0. See the LICENSE file for details.
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