BR-RM: Branch-and-Rethink Reasoning Reward Model

Model Overview

BR-RM (Branch-and-Rethink Reasoning Reward Model) is a model that implements a novel two-turn reasoning framework to evaluate LLM-generated responses. Unlike traditional reward models that compress all quality dimensions into a single scalar in one shot, BR-RM performs adaptive branching to focus on instance-critical dimensions, followed by branch-conditioned rethinking for targeted deep analysis.

This model achieves state-of-the-art performance on the average score on three major reward modeling benchmarks (RewardBench, RM-Bench, and RMB) by addressing the "judgment diffusion" problem where models spread attention too thinly across evaluation criteria.

Code Link: https://github.com/yzjiao/BR-RM

Key Features

• 🎯 Adaptive Focus: Dynamically selects 1-3 critical evaluation dimensions per instance
• 🔄 Two-Turn Reasoning: First turn branches, second turn performs deep conditioned analysis
• 📊 SOTA Performance: Top results on RewardBench (92.1%), RM-Bench (85.9%), and RMB (74.7%)
• 🔧 RLHF Compatible: Designed to integrate seamlessly with standard RLHF pipelines

Model Variants

How It Works

Two-Turn Framework

Turn 1: Adaptive Branching

Input: User query + Two candidate responses
Output: 
  1. Selected critical dimensions (e.g., "Logical Reasoning", "Computational Precision")
  2. Initial issue detection for each response

Turn 2: Branch-Conditioned Rethinking

Input: Turn 1 results + Evaluation hierarchy
Output: Final comparative judgment and preference ranking

Quick Start

import torch
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer

# Load model and tokenizer
model_name = "nvidia/Qwen3-Nemotron-14B-BRRM"  # or nvidia/Qwen3-Nemotron-8B-BRRM
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
    model_name, 
    torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16,
    device_map="auto"
)
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name)

# Example usage
context = "What is 2+2?"
response1 = "2+2=4"
response2 = "2+2=5"

# Format Turn 1: Adaptive Branching
turn1_prompt = f"""You are a response quality evaluator. Given the context and two responses, select the most important cognitive abilities and analyze critical issues.

**Context:** 
{context}

**Responses:**
[The Begin of Response 1]
{response1}
[The End of Response 1]

[The Begin of Response 2]
{response2}
[The End of Response 2]

**Output Format:**
[Quality Assessment Focus]
Choose 1-3 abilities: Information Accuracy, Computational Precision, Logical Reasoning, Implementation Capability, Safety Awareness, Response Completeness, Instruction Adherence, Communication Clarity.
[End of Quality Assessment Focus]

[Quality Analysis for Response 1]
- Critical Issues: [List specific issues or "None identified"]
[End of Quality Analysis for Response 1]

[Quality Analysis for Response 2]
- Critical Issues: [List specific issues or "None identified"]
[End of Quality Analysis for Response 2]"""

# Generate Turn 1
messages = [{"role": "user", "content": turn1_prompt}]
input_ids = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(
    messages, 
    return_tensors="pt",
    add_generation_prompt=True
).to(model.device)
outputs = model.generate(
    input_ids, 
    max_new_tokens=8192,      
    temperature=1.0,
    top_p=0.95,               
    top_k=20,                 
    do_sample=True,           
    pad_token_id=tokenizer.eos_token_id
)
turn1_response = tokenizer.decode(outputs[0][input_ids.shape[1]:], skip_special_tokens=False)


# Format Turn 2: Branch-Conditioned Rethinking
turn2_prompt = f"""You are making final comparative judgments using established evaluation priorities.

**Evaluation Hierarchies:**
- **Accuracy-Critical**: Correctness > Process > Presentation 
- **Creative/Open-Ended**: User Intent > Content Quality > Creativity 
- **Instruction-Following**: Adherence > Content > Clarity

[The Begin of Analysis on Response 1]
[Apply appropriate evaluation hierarchy]
[The End of Analysis on Response 1]

[The Begin of Analysis on Response 2]
[Apply appropriate evaluation hierarchy]
[The End of Analysis on Response 2]

[The Begin of Ranking Score]
\\boxed{{1 or 2}}
[The End of Ranking Score]"""

# Generate Turn 2
messages.append({"role": "assistant", "content": turn1_response})
messages.append({"role": "user", "content": turn2_prompt})
input_ids = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(
    messages, 
    return_tensors="pt",
    add_generation_prompt=True
).to(model.device)
outputs = model.generate(
    input_ids, 
    max_new_tokens=8192,      
    temperature=1.0,
    top_p=0.95,               
    top_k=20,                 
    do_sample=True,           
    pad_token_id=tokenizer.eos_token_id
)
final_response = tokenizer.decode(outputs[0][input_ids.shape[1]:], skip_special_tokens=False)

Ethical Considerations:

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Citation

If you find this model useful, please cite the following work:

@misc{jiao2025thinktwicebranchandrethinkreasoning,
      title={Think Twice: Branch-and-Rethink Reasoning Reward Model}, 
      author={Yizhu Jiao and Jiaqi Zeng and Julien Veron Vialard and Oleksii Kuchaiev and Jiawei Han and Olivier Delalleau},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2510.23596},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.23596}, 
}