bert-tiny — Native C++ Port (Sajal Labs)

This is not a new model. The weights, architecture, and pretraining are entirely prajjwal1/bert-tiny by Prajjwal Bhargava (MIT license) — a compact pretrained BERT encoder introduced in Turc et al. 2019 ("Well-Read Students Learn Better") and ported to Hugging Face for Bhargava et al. 2021 ("Generalization in NLI"). Please cite both papers if you use this model (citations below).

What Sajal Labs added: a from-scratch native C++ port of the encoder and the WordPiece tokenizer — no PyTorch, no transformers, no Python at inference time — with rigorous equivalence and benchmark validation against the original. See Sajal Labs, experiments exp11 through exp14, for full methodology.

Model details (unchanged from the original)

• Architecture: BERT encoder, 2 layers, hidden=128, heads=2, intermediate=512
• Vocabulary: 30522 WordPiece tokens (bert-base-uncased vocab)
• Parameters: 4,385,920
• Precision: fp32
• Base model license: MIT (prajjwal1/bert-tiny)
• Port license: MIT (Sajal Labs' C++ code)

What was verified (Sajal Labs' contribution)

Tokenizer: 17/17 real test sentences — including contractions ("don't"), hyphenation ("COVID-19"), an out-of-vocabulary word forcing an 11-piece subword split, and an email address — produced byte-identical token IDs to the original BertTokenizerFast. This is an exact-match bar, not a tolerance: tokenization is deterministic.

Encoder: max absolute error 9.54e-06 (hidden states), 2.19e-06 (pooled [CLS] output), cosine similarity ~1.0, across 10 real sentences of varying length (4-25 tokens) — fp32-scale agreement, consistent with floating-point non-associativity between two independent implementations (not a bug; see the repo's research/papers.md).

Benchmark (single request, Apple M4 CPU — full data in benchmark_results.json)

True end-to-end cold invocation (process spawn → raw text in → prediction out → process exit, external wall-clock). Primary comparison: native vs. ONNX Runtime paired with the lean, standalone tokenizers library — the best-case Python deployment, not the easiest target to beat:

The last two rows are real and worth knowing, but they're the easy targets (heavier Python stacks) — the 8.4x number above is the one that holds up against someone who already optimized their Python deployment correctly. Worth knowing before you read too much into "ONNX Runtime" as a single number: its own cold-start number depends heavily on which tokenizer library it's paired with — using transformers for convenience costs ~25x more than using the lean, standalone tokenizers library for the exact same token IDs. Native sidesteps that whole dependency-choice question by construction. Full discussion in exp14.

Honest scope note on the warm-loop numbers: native's advantage is not unconditional the way cold-invocation is — Sajal Labs found it depends on model width (hidden_size), with a measured crossover around hidden≈250 on this hardware (exp12/exp13). This model's hidden=128 sits comfortably below that, so native keeps a real warm-loop edge too — but that's a property of this model's size, not a general claim.

How to use

Native (Sajal runtime, zero Python)

sajal run <this_directory> "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog."

PyTorch / transformers (the original)

from transformers import BertModel, BertTokenizerFast
model = BertModel.from_pretrained("prajjwal1/bert-tiny")
tokenizer = BertTokenizerFast.from_pretrained("prajjwal1/bert-tiny")

ONNX Runtime

import onnxruntime as ort
session = ort.InferenceSession("model.onnx", providers=["CPUExecutionProvider"])
# feed input_ids/attention_mask/token_type_ids from any WordPiece tokenizer

Citations (required if you use this model)

@article{turc2019distillation,
  title={Well-Read Students Learn Better: On the Importance of Pre-training Compact Models},
  author={Turc, Iulia and Chang, Ming-Wei and Lee, Kenton and Toutanova, Kristina},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.08962v2},
  year={2019}
}

@misc{bhargava2021generalization,
  title={Generalization in NLI: Ways (Not) To Go Beyond Simple Heuristics},
  author={Bhargava, Prajjwal and Drozd, Aleksandr and Rogers, Anna},
  year={2021},
  eprint={2110.01518},
  archivePrefix={arXiv},
  primaryClass={cs.CL}
}

Files

• model.safetensors — the original weights, HF/PyTorch-ecosystem format
• model.onnx + model.onnx.data — ONNX Runtime-compatible export (weights externalized to the .data file; both are required together)
• word_embeddings.bin, position_embeddings.bin, token_type_embeddings.bin, emb_ln_*.bin, layer{i}_*.bin, pooler_*.bin — raw native Sajal runtime format
• vocab.txt, tokenizer_config.txt — WordPiece vocabulary + config for the native tokenizer port
• config.json — architecture metadata
• benchmark_results.json — full machine-readable benchmark/equivalence data behind the numbers above