SentenceTransformer

This is a sentence-transformers model trained. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

• Model Type: Sentence Transformer

• Maximum Sequence Length: 256 tokens
• Output Dimensionality: 768 dimensions
• Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity

Fine-tuned Models

This model is part of a progressive series of sentence embedding models based on intfloat/multilingual-e5-base, fine-tuned specifically for Dhivehi language understanding.

Each stage leverages a targeted dataset to specialize the model for semantic similarity, question answering, and summarization tasks — improving performance for real-world Dhivehi NLP applications.

Each model builds upon the previous checkpoint, incrementally enhancing the semantic capabilities of the model for Dhivehi. The goal is to support high-quality sentence embeddings for a wide range of Dhivehi information retrieval and understanding tasks.

Model Sources

• Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
• Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
• Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 256, 'do_lower_case': False, 'architecture': 'XLMRobertaModel'})
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("alakxender/e5-dhivehi-qa-mnr")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'query: އަކްރަމުގެ ދިރިއުޅުމަށް އައި ބަދަލުތަކަކީ ކޮބައިތޯ؟',
    'passage: މިގޮތުގެމަތިން އަކްރަމަށް ލިބުނު ޖަވާހިރުތައް ވިއްކައި، ލިބުނު ގިނަގުނަ ފައިސާއިން ޖަވާހިރުގެ ވިޔަފާރިފަށައި، ބައްޕައެކޭ އެއްފަދައިން މަޝްހޫރު ވިޔަފާރިވެރިއަކަށް ވެއްޖެއެވެ. އަދި އަކްރަމާއި ޢާއިލާގެ ދިރިއުޅުން ކުރިއެކޭވެސް އެއްފަދަ ތަނަވަސް ދިރިއުޅުމަކަށް ބަދަލުވެގެން ހިނގައްޖެއެވެ.',
    'passage: ސިވިލް ސަރވިސްގެ މުވައްޒަފުން މަޢުލޫމާތު ހާމަކުރުމުގައި ޢަމަލުކުރަންވާނީ ތިރީގައިވާ އުޞޫލުތަކުގެ މަތިންނެވެ. ޤާނޫނާ ގަވާއިދާ އެއްގޮތްވާގޮތުގެމަތިން، މަޢުލޫމާތު ދޭންޖެހޭ ކޮންމެ ޙާލަތެއްގައި ތެދު މަޢުލޫމާތު ދިނުން.',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 768]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities)
# tensor([[1.0000, 0.4978, 0.4952],
#         [0.4978, 1.0000, 0.8843],
#         [0.4952, 0.8843, 1.0000]])

Training Details

Training Dataset

• Size: 9,232 training samples
• Columns: sentence_0 and sentence_1
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	sentence_0	sentence_1
  type	string	string
  details	min: 9 tokensmean: 17.88 tokensmax: 43 tokens	min: 9 tokensmean: 62.22 tokensmax: 256 tokens

• Samples:

  sentence_0	sentence_1
  query: ދީނީ ތަގްރީރުކުރުމާއި ދީނީ ނަސޭހަތް ދިނުން ކަމަށް ބުނެފައިވަނީ ކޮން ކަމަކަށް؟	passage: "ދީނީ ތަގްރީރުކުރުމާއި ދީނީ ނަސޭހަތް ދިނުން" ކަމަށް ބުނެފައި އެވަނީ، ހަބަރުފަތުރާ ވަސީލަތަކުން ނުވަތަ ހާންމު މީހުން ޖަމާވެފައިވާ ތަނެއްގައި ދީނީ ތަގްރީރުކުރުމާއި ދީނީ ނަސޭހަތް ދިނުމަށެވެ. ދީނީ އެއްބައިވަންތަކަން ހިމާޔަތް ކުރުމުގެ ގާނޫނު (ގާނޫނު ނަންބަރު 6/1994) އަށް 1 ވަނަ އިސްލާހު ގެނައުމުގެ ގާނޫނު (ގާނޫނު ނަންބަރު 8/2014) ގެ 7 ވަނަ މާއްދާގެ (ނ) ގައި
  query: ގާނޫނީ ގޮތުން ގައިދީން ކަމަށް ބުނެފައިވަނީ ކޮން ބައެއް؟	passage: "ގައިދީ" ނުވަތަ "ގައިދީން" ކަމަށް ބުނެފައިއެވަނީ، ޖަލުގައި ތިބޭ މީހުންގެ ތެރެއިން ހުކުމެއް ތަންފީޒުކުރަމުންދާ މީހުންނާއި އަރުވާލަން ނުވަތަ ގޭބަންދަށް ކޯޓުން ހުކުމްކޮށްފައި ތިބޭ މީހުންނަށެވެ. ޖަލުތަކާއި ޕެރޯލްގެ ގާނޫނު (ގާނޫނު ނަންބަރު 14/2013) ގެ 155 ވަނަ މާއްދާގެ (ލ) ގައި
  query: އިސްލާމްދީނުގައި ޢިލްމު އުނގެނުމަކީ ކޮބައިތޯ؟	passage: ކީރިތި ރަސޫލާ އަންގަވައިފައިވަނީ، [طلب العلم فريضة على كلّ مسلم ومسلمة] [ޢިލްމު އުނގެނުމަކީ ކޮންމެ މުސްލިމް ފިރިހެނަކާއި ކޮންމެ މުސްލިމް އަންހެނެއްގެ މައްޗަށް އޮތް ވާޖިބެކޭ، ފަރުޟެކޭ.]

• Loss: MultipleNegativesRankingLoss with these parameters:

  {
      "scale": 20.0,
      "similarity_fct": "cos_sim"
  }
  

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

• per_device_train_batch_size: 4
• per_device_eval_batch_size: 4
• multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin

All Hyperparameters

• overwrite_output_dir: False
• do_predict: False
• eval_strategy: no
• prediction_loss_only: True
• per_device_train_batch_size: 4
• per_device_eval_batch_size: 4
• per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
• per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
• gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
• eval_accumulation_steps: None
• torch_empty_cache_steps: None
• learning_rate: 5e-05
• weight_decay: 0.0
• adam_beta1: 0.9
• adam_beta2: 0.999
• adam_epsilon: 1e-08
• max_grad_norm: 1
• num_train_epochs: 3
• max_steps: -1
• lr_scheduler_type: linear
• lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
• warmup_ratio: 0.0
• warmup_steps: 0
• log_level: passive
• log_level_replica: warning
• log_on_each_node: True
• logging_nan_inf_filter: True
• save_safetensors: True
• save_on_each_node: False
• save_only_model: False
• restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
• no_cuda: False
• use_cpu: False
• use_mps_device: False
• seed: 42
• data_seed: None
• jit_mode_eval: False
• use_ipex: False
• bf16: False
• fp16: False
• fp16_opt_level: O1
• half_precision_backend: auto
• bf16_full_eval: False
• fp16_full_eval: False
• tf32: None
• local_rank: 0
• ddp_backend: None
• tpu_num_cores: None
• tpu_metrics_debug: False
• debug: []
• dataloader_drop_last: False
• dataloader_num_workers: 0
• dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
• past_index: -1
• disable_tqdm: False
• remove_unused_columns: True
• label_names: None
• load_best_model_at_end: False
• ignore_data_skip: False
• fsdp: []
• fsdp_min_num_params: 0
• fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
• fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
• accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
• deepspeed: None
• label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
• optim: adamw_torch
• optim_args: None
• adafactor: False
• group_by_length: False
• length_column_name: length
• ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
• ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
• ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
• dataloader_pin_memory: True
• dataloader_persistent_workers: False
• skip_memory_metrics: True
• use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
• push_to_hub: False
• resume_from_checkpoint: None
• hub_model_id: None
• hub_strategy: every_save
• hub_private_repo: None
• hub_always_push: False
• gradient_checkpointing: False
• gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
• include_inputs_for_metrics: False
• include_for_metrics: []
• eval_do_concat_batches: True
• fp16_backend: auto
• push_to_hub_model_id: None
• push_to_hub_organization: None
• mp_parameters:
• auto_find_batch_size: False
• full_determinism: False
• torchdynamo: None
• ray_scope: last
• ddp_timeout: 1800
• torch_compile: False
• torch_compile_backend: None
• torch_compile_mode: None
• include_tokens_per_second: False
• include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
• neftune_noise_alpha: None
• optim_target_modules: None
• batch_eval_metrics: False
• eval_on_start: False
• use_liger_kernel: False
• eval_use_gather_object: False
• average_tokens_across_devices: False
• prompts: None
• batch_sampler: batch_sampler
• multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin
• router_mapping: {}
• learning_rate_mapping: {}

Training Logs

Framework Versions

• Python: 3.9.21
• Sentence Transformers: 5.0.0
• Transformers: 4.52.4
• PyTorch: 2.5.1+cu124
• Accelerate: 1.3.0
• Datasets: 3.2.0
• Tokenizers: 0.21.0

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

MultipleNegativesRankingLoss

@misc{henderson2017efficient,
    title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply},
    author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1705.00652},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}